Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Climate Change Effects On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(100) the hydrological musicality framework by developing dams and making waste H2O intercession workss etc. The last two decennaries atmosphere adjustment is expanding because of the change of human movement, for example, automobiles, planes, factory and different beginnings we utilize that adds nursery gases to the feeling. Due to these human causes the Earth is warming up. One outcome that clime change has is the result the modification will hold upon human H2O new water assets. We will compose a custom paper test on Environmental Change Effects On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now I accept that clime adjustment will hold an outcome on human H2O assets due to the nearby associations with the hydrological musicality, the bringing temperature will increment up in immersions and drouths that will take to the interest on more freshwater assets. Atmosphere change has close associations with the hydrological musicality. The hydrological mood is situated in the Earths hydrosphere this is the nation in around Earth which holds all the H2O. The H2O is moved around the Earths hydrosphere in a mood. The hydrological cadence is moved in five diverse stairss †vaporization, precipitation, buildup, flood, total and penetration. The as should be obvious in Figure 1 the hydrologival musicality all beginnings of with vaporization this is the adjustment of fluid H2O to H2O fume. The accompanying measure is buildup this is the system of adjusting H2O fume, from a fluid thus to sort out mists as should be obvious from the mists in figure 1. This technique can be notice for outline when you pay special mind to dew on the land in the forenoon. As the mists you find in the sky move around Earth appropriating the H2O fume from topographic point to topographic point. The mists become over weighed down with wet so they need to relinquish the overladen wet. They discharge the wet by a strategy called by precipitation which is typically downpour, hail or day off. Invasion happens they when all the precipitations lay on the land. On the off chance that there is to much precipitation on the land this becomes flood. Spillover remains on the Earth land and runs into waterways, streams, lakes and seas. So when the precipitation run into the these waterways, streams, lakes and seas this strategy is called conglomeration. As invasion, flood and collection are being handled, the Sun is doing a the mood to return back to the begaining of the beat to the technique called evaporation.Sunlight warms up the fluid in conduits, streams, lakes and seas. The warm air rises upwards into the feeling and turns into the fume engaged with buildup. Without this strategy life on Earth would be outlandish. New water that we use in or twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lifes regularly originates from Aquifer, Streams, Rivers, Lakes. Spring are built when stones of the upper segment of the Earth ‘s outside contain openings or pores. Thesiss gaps are enormous or combined with the goal that H2O can motion through them simple. This is a bit of stone that is simple for H2O to experience through known as penetrable. Streams regularly get the vast majority of its H2O from flood, downpour and defrost day off. A conduit is shaped when the downpour and runing snow met at the equivalent topographic point and obtain into a line of channel. Streams usely streams into lakes, waterways, spring and oceans. Streams are a characteristic waterway of new water asset. Water inside the stream is all things considered gathered from precipitation through surface flood, groundwater energize, springs and the arrival of put away H2O in ice and runing icy masses. Lakes are regularly loaded up with profound new water or salt H2O. Lakes are inland usly on mountains nations and are non bit of the Ocean. They are filled by streams or con duits that interface with them. A few Lakes can be grown-up male made and are built for modern or agrarian utilization and in any event, for hydro-electric force or household H2O gracefully. Water is one of the most importent inputs the human natural structure requests for us universes to get by with everyday life. We need it for such a large number of things for example health, turning supplement, water system, industry. In spite of the significance of Freshwater Resources diminishing, we are get bringing down to underestimate the new water assets. The greater part of the new water we use is squandered and contaminated. Since the hydrological cadence temperature is lifting it will take to a modification in the horological musicality, This will hold an effect on the conditions. The dry seasons will go alot increasingly drier and the wet seasons will go alot progressively wetter. Leaving us with more immersions and drouths. This change will thusly will leave the handiness and nature of H2O. A portion of the states on this Earth as of now hold a troublesome enouch cut securing H2O in view of increaseing modern contamination and populace developing. Atmosphere change only adds to the activity to the nature of H2O, which in certain pieces of the universe the chop down precipitation and lifting temperatures decline the new water. By the twelvemonth 2025 the majority of universes populating in states with hapless H2O quality degrees will increment from around 34 for every centum ( in 1995 ) to 63 percent.R K Pachauri ( 2005 ) The modification in getting to H2O focused on nations will hold a potential battle. As there will be a constrained interest on new water in view of family, horticultural and modern usages. These battles will occur in H2O focused on nations fighting against nations of regular springs and waterways each piece great as this it will take to strife on limit nations for representation the piece of Northern Kenya and the Samburu is holding to get by with the modifying types of precipitation and dry periods which with other power per unit territories on the characteristic assets are taking to expanding battle among innate gatherings over dish to scant water.Smith ( 2006 ) 2 Discussion The vast majority of the Earth has 70 % of sea. While only 30 % of the Earth is land. Around 84 % of the universes populace is populating on dry land. Universes are looking to fix this by Reconstruction the hydrological mood framework by developing embankments and making waste H2O intercession workss and so forth. You read Environmental Change Effects On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay in class Exposition models These components will flexibly H2O for agribusiness, family, Industrial, ecological and different uses. In any case, these changes will other than take to certain imperfections in mature ages to come. India is one of the most affected by clime adjustment. The snow ice tops of the Himalayas is sing less snow in light of snow defrost. The ice sheets is runing and there is signs of expansion implosion treatment. The expanding rise temperatures is get bringing down to evaporate the streams. The Himalayas holds the biggest entirety ice on the Earth. Exploration laborers have make sense of that there is a solid mix among day off the temperature. In ongoing mature ages the Himalayas have encountered warm periods in the mature ages between 1960-1990, doing a decline in snow harvest time. Icy masses has been watched by research laborers in the past mature ages. The United Nations clime study predicts by 2035 some Himalayan ice sheets will disappear with the lifting temperatures. Due to the icy masses runing the defrost ice will run off into streams, for example, the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra waterways and a few feeders originating from the Himalayan ice field. This will do deluging to riverside references for example Varanasi, Kanpur and Patna. These city ‘s have a populace of 1000000s and have as of now observe immersions during high storm season and it will be progressing. Deluging will other than do break for the cultivating nations in northern pieces of India and cause damage to the streets and rail way line. The embankments, for example, the barrier in Kosi autonomic sensory systems Sutlej could over motion accomplishing more destruction to corn fields and settlements. At the point when the purpose of no ice is reached by 2035 the ice defrost will hold either halted as a result of an answer for atmosphere adjustment or be evaporated due to the proceeded with temperature lifting. On the off chance that the ice gets down to downplay the waterway will go more fragile and drier during the rainstorm oral depressions and summer. As the earths temperatures ascends from around 14 evaluations C situated in 2000 to an expected 19 evaluations C in 2100 the undermentioned impacts will be cause by the expansion ; Agricultural, Household, Industrial, Environmental and wellbeing ocean degrees will lift to an expected 3.9 in to assessed 35 by 2100. A few pieces of the seaside references around India for example Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and different pieces of the universe will be lowered. Indeed, even a large portion of the island around India will be canvassed in H2O. The island of Lohachara is the primary island known to man to be canvassed in H2O because of atmosphere modification. The island is situated on the southern fringe of the Ganges delta in the sound of Bengal. Its 10,000 inhabitants turned into the primary evacuees made due to clime change. There is a gathering of 27 island called Lakhadweep around the Arabian ocean off the coastline of south Indian territory Kraal. They have a populace of around 61,000 individuals populating on them. The low equivocation islands are in enormous peril of being shrouded in H2O each piece great. India is one of the universe greatest express that impacts the nursery outcome. With the expanded temperatures they will make an expansion in precipitation. Rising the strategy of vaporization resulting from hotter ocean temperatures in the Indian sea and Arabian Sea will expand that devastate technique around the West Indian Rajasthan Desert Similarly great as the H2O assets being abbreviate on account of clime change there is other than another activity and that will be that ordinarily limit states at some point divide a similar H2O asset. There is some agreement that there has been struggle over new water shared by at least two states. Freshwater is truly of I

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Utopia free essay sample

Three years back, I pushed off a dock just because and took my first strokes. At first, sitting two crawls off the water in a genuinely thin vessel made me on edge. The developments felt unnatural, the phrasing appeared as though it was an unknown dialect, and the vessel continually tipped from side to side. In any case, as I proceeded all through that first season, I started to comprehend the different parts of the game, and I came to cherish the minutes I would spend in the pontoon every day. Since this first season, what used to be an outside domain turned into my preferred spot on the planet. What’s exceptional about this condition is that consistently is the thing that you make it. Each line is another test and chance for progress. Some are for training and are intended to improve, while others are races and are a chance to accomplish objectives. Notwithstanding the sort, each day my column starts when I leave the dock and leave the shore. We will compose a custom paper test on Perfect world or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I can't change what preparing I have done on shore to set me up for my line now, yet I presently drench myself onto the vast water and focus on investing my best energy. What I will do on the water will decide how far I will go from here. When I start to push, everything in the vessel is heavily influenced by me. While nature may give me whitecaps or a headwind, I can stretch my stroke, square the cutting edge later, and push my sharp edge through the water as quick as conceivable to adjust to the conditions. While the pontoon may get balance because of another rower inclining to the other side, I can change my handle stature with the goal that the vessel becomes adjusted once more. I at that point control how far my vessel moves by how hard I decided to pull. All that I do will impact how far I will go, and it is dependent upon me to decide how far that is destined to be. While my fate in this condition depends on my self inspiration and exertion, I still consistently have an emotionally supportive network. I have my kindred rowers, and I have my coxswain. My coxswain is my coach and direction. I can never observe what course lies ahead, however I can depend on my coxswain to direct me a protected and productive course, and to push me to break any psychological dividers I may experience. With my partners, every one of them is investing their best energy for me, and it is dependent upon me to do likewise for them. While I will eventually be the one that applies the fundamental exertion to succeed, having the assets to assist me with arriving is indispensable to my prosperity too. As I currently move into the following stage in my life, it is my expectation that I will come to cherish my future school grounds as much as I came love being in my pontoon paddling. Consistently will be another opportunity for progress; each class will be a chance to propel my insight; each task will be an opportunity to fortify what I have realized. I will leave my secondary school a very long time behind me. They have set me up well, yet how I will put forth a concentrated effort in this next phase of my life will be what characterizes who I become and I am prepared to acknowledge the demand it presents. My objectives will never again be arrangement in a race or an individual best time, yet rather an atomic science certificate and a great job later on. En route I may confront difficulties and battle on occasion, yet I have the individual capacity and assurance to succeed, and I realize that I will have the assets I will need of my future friends and educators to make myself effec tive.

Monday, August 17, 2020

Why Do We Need The Word Frenemies

Why Do We Need The Word Frenemies Six months late (as usual), I’ve finally worked  through my TBR list far enough to get to Elena Ferrantes My Brilliant Friend, the first in her much-discussed Neapolitan trilogy,  and boy, do I get the hype.  My immediate reaction was that this a book that will launch a thousand essays: on class, gender, violence, and sexual identity. The book offers so much for analysis and reflection. What captivated me most, though, at least in this initial read, was the rich, complicated,  and deeply-felt relationship between the book’s two adolescent protagonists, Elena and Lila. But about a quarter of the way into this fascinating read, I felt a sudden I sudden sinking in my stomach. Oh god, I thought,  this is the kind of friendship people are going to label  â€˜frenemies.’ I am genuinely no snob nor am I here to play language police (could not think of anything more boring, honestly), but I will admit to a knee-jerk skepticism when hearing or reading the word “frenemy.” My problem with the word frenemy is not with its existence or its cute, portmanteau formulation but with its application. I think it is over- and mis-used and because language has power, I worry that “frenemy” might affect how some people perceive female friendships and women in general. “Frenemy” has been become somewhat of a crutch, a suffocating, reductive shorthand for any friendship that isn’t between bosom friends or Ya-Ya sisters. I am also suspicious of the word’s implicit gendering; sure, there is nothing specifically feminine about it, but when was the last time you heard the word applied anyone other than (typically adolescent) women? (I feel similarly, by the way, about frenemy’s cousin, “bromance.” The fact that we need separate words for both a female friendship that contains elements of competition or conflict and a male friendship that is characterized by expressions of love and devotion reveals some seriously MESSED UP assumptions about gender and relationships). In its very structure the word “frenemy” reconciles two opposite poles friend and enemy but more often than not, the relationship in question is not one of opposites; more often than not, it could just be categorized by the word friend. Imperfect friend. Competitive friend. Complicated friend. But friend none the less. You know who are frenemies? Magneto and Professor X are frenemies. They are former friends who still maintain affection and respect for each other but they are often literally on opposing sides in a goddamn war. THAT is a frenemy. A teenage girl who has a deep platonic attachment to someone with whom she also competes for grades or even, even boys is not a frenemy. My Brilliant Friend  gives its young female friendship breathing space. Ferrante’s portrayal is of a scorchingly intense, complicated relationship that seamlessly integrates affection with rivalry; she never allows the latter to completely overpower the former and never raises even the faintest doubt that the friendship between Elena and Lila is the most important and rewarding relationship in both their lives. Ferrante allows for a back and forth between the two girls: for a power dynamic that is weighted but shifting.Sharp, perceptive and self-determined, Lila appears to be the dominant personality or of the leader of the pair figuratively, but also sometimes literally dragging Lenu by the hand toward danger, change or adventure. And yet there are a number of significant ways in which Elena goes first: she gets to continue her formal education, even until high school; she is the first to hit puberty and the first to attract the attention of a boy. The pair constantly compare, contrast, and compete; as a foil only the other will do. Elena is constantly saying that Lila is the only one who understands her and the only person worth talking to, really. While the typically undemonstrative Lila never quite explicitly returns that sentiment, the regularity with which she seeks out her friend for support suggests reciprocity, as does the moment when Elena realizes that Lila occasionally at her own powers of persuasion and singles Elena out because she is the only one who challenges her. Ferrante also understands that there is a difference between wanting what your friend has and wanting to take it from her. Elena and Lila find themselves on both sides of that line at different points in the book, but notably only when they believe that what the other has (education, an engagement) threatens to separate them. As of now I have only read My Brilliant Friend,  and I know theres risk in writing about it as an example of the insufficiency and oversimplification of the term frenemy  before Ive finished the series.  I considered waiting until I had finished the entire Neapolitan trilogy before writing but I changed my mind. After all, what impressed me about this book is the power and complexity it ascribes to specifically young female friendships, so it felt fitting to write about and process it the way we experience our childhood friendships: without knowing what comes next. ____________________ Book Riot Live is coming! Join us for a two-day event full of books, authors, and an all around good time. Its the convention for book lovers that weve always wanted to attend. So we are doing it ourselves.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Capitalism And Capitalism - 883 Words

The definition of â€Å"embed† is to implant a certain idea or feeling into another person or thing so it becomes an essential characteristic of it. Just as you embed stones into cement. Money, trade, markets and profit are the stones that when put together, help to form Capitalism. Capitalism in essence, is a system of economic value in which private ownership is the source of production (Such as factories, and farming). Goods are produced and in return, income and profit are gained. The generally accepted characteristics of what Capitalism is, such as private property rights, specialization of jobs, profits, division of labour, did not originate around Capitalism. In actuality, these were just the stepping stones into the more known†¦show more content†¦This can be seen in the peasants revolt in which they had to pay taxes to support the kingdom. Those who did not follow the orders of the economical status were punished. One can see a division of labour between the peasants and the lords who practically own them. This is a key characteristic of what Capitalism stands for, yet was not known at the time of it being that. This began a slow transition into capitalism. (Fulcher, Capitalism: a very short introduction) Feudalism is the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which there was a hierarchy, nobility held lands from the crown, vassals were tenants of nobles, peasants were obligated to live and produce for him. A clear ideology behind Capitalism. As seen in one reading, Feudalism itself had a relationship with Capitalism that was intriguing. Power and wealth, as stated in the reading, was fused with control to land rather than ownership of Capital, yet, showed the same characteristics of each other. A transition to a market economy could be an easy change, because of how close they relate to each other. For example, â€Å"Peasants obligations to provide labour services or produce for the lord could be replaced by money payments, which in turn meant that peasants had to earn money through wage labour or the sale of produce in markets. Most of what is said about being â€Å"embedded†, I believe, all starts with the close characteristics of Feudalism and Capitalism. As the author said in thisShow MoreRelatedCapitalism And Capitalism1896 Words   |  8 PagesIn the first chapter of his book Capitalism and Freedom, Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman discusses several ideas such as the intimate and â€Å"by no means unilateral† correlation between politics and economics, the inefficiency of collectivism and central planning, and the essential role of economic freedom and capitalism in achieving political freedom (8). What all these ideas have in common, tho ugh, is that economic freedom precedes political freedom and, as a result, the latter dependsRead MoreCapitalism And Socialism And Capitalism1952 Words   |  8 PagesFor more than a century capitalism and socialism have been contending to be the best economic system. Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry that is controlled by private owners for profit. Capitalism is the heart and soul of America s economy. A capitalistRead MoreCapitalism : Is Capitalism Good?946 Words   |  4 PagesCapitalism is a subject that can be considered deeply controversial. There are many who tout the benefits that capitalism provides to the economy and the progress of human society. There are others who decry that it is a system which promotes selfish motives and extols profits above honesty and genuine goodness. This essay will examine the claims of each and will reach to conclude the answer to the question â€Å"is capitalism good?† The Dawn of Capitalism and its Opposition The advent of the ideal ofRead MoreCapitalism : The Highest Stage Of Capitalism1538 Words   |  7 PagesSince Vladimir Lenin was a Marxist and socialist he was opposed to global capitalism, and his book of Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism points out some of his main arguments regarding the capitalism as a whole. He regarded World War 1 as an imperialist war, caused by pressures that arose from an immediate development of several European empires. The central nations of capitalism participated to expand their exploitative sphere, which led to the conflict of interests and eventually producedRead MoreArticle Review On Capitalism And Capitalism1844 Words   |  8 PagesCaleb Wilson Essay on Capitalism Instructors: Christel Smith, Kurt Banzhaf, and Kayla Colfack English 12 and American Government April 12, 2015 CAPITALISM !1 It has been around since the Middle Ages, that we know of, and most likely before that. It is usually the first type of economy before evolving into another kind. Its main sources of life are competition and an ever changing society. This almost living breathing creature of our own device is called capitalism. Capitalism has been the biggestRead MoreCapitalism : The Embodiment And Nature Of Capitalism Essay2141 Words   |  9 Pagesembodiment and nature of capitalism. A man called Robert Heilbroner (March 24, 1919 – January 4, 2005) rose in the twentieth century as a regarded American economist and historian of economic thought understood for his worries about the two realms of capitalism. A first person examination of capitalism in light of Robert Heilbroner s thoughts as exhibited in the book twenty-first century capitalism. This article addresses how Robert Heilbroner s two realms of capitalism are both useful and uselessRead MoreCompare And Contrast Capitalism And Capitalism872 Words   |  4 Pages Capitalism is a fundamental ideology used by the United States government. It has led the United States to become one of the greatest countries for an individual. The U.S. is a world leader in innovation and quality of life. In fact, almost all of the c ountries generally considered the best to live in have capitalist governments. This is no coincidence, because capitalism greatly increases the rights of individuals. Capitalism is the ideology that involves individuals owning their own propertiesRead MoreCritique Of American Capitalism And Capitalism2411 Words   |  10 PagesCapitalism is not a rigid, inflexible economic and political system—there are many forms of capitalism around the world. It is illustrated as being different variations of capitalism outside the United States; there is the Dutch version, the French version, the British version, as well as the American version. American capitalism implements free-market ideology and that makes the U.S. stand out among other nations. Other nations do not dwell on privatization and deregulation nearly as much as theRead MoreCapitalism And The Economic Growth Under Capitalism1233 Words   |  5 Pagesseen that capitalism does work efficiently and surprisingly well, even though it is often wrongly accused and criticized for others shortcomings. Capitalism, otherwise known as a ‘free market economy, is an economic and political sy stem in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Werner Sombart first used the term capitalism in the early twentieth century, but the concept of it existed much earlier. Modern capitalism began developingRead MoreStakeholder Capitalism Vs. Shareholder Capitalism1573 Words   |  7 Pageswas the use of capitalism since the last couple of decades. There were two separate types or levels of capitalism that were used in American society, which was capitalism 2.0 and capitalism 3.0. In the 1940s the beginning of capitalism 2.0 otherwise known as stakeholder capitalism. Stakeholder capitalism is basically a market system that the companies only treat the interests of major stakeholders equally, rather than favoring the investors. The second use of capitalism is capitalism 3.0 otherwise

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Habits and Traits of the Painted Lady Butterfly

The painted lady, also known as the cosmopolitan or thistle butterfly, inhabits backyards and meadows throughout most of the world. Schoolchildren often recognize this butterfly, as raising these butterflies is a popular science activity in elementary classrooms. Description The aptly named painted lady wears splashes and dots of colors on her wings. The adult butterflys wings are orange and brown on the upper side. The leading edge of the forewing appears black with a prominent white bar and smaller white spots. The underside of the wings is markedly duller, in shades of brown and gray. When the butterfly sits at rest with wings folded together, four small eyespots are noticeable on the hindwing. Painted ladies reach 5-6 centimeters in width, smaller than some other brush-footed butterflies like the monarchs. The painted lady caterpillars are more difficult to identify, since their appearance changes with each instar. The early instars appear worm-like, with light gray bodies and a darker, bulbous head. As they mature, the larvae develop noticeable spines, with a dark body mottled with white and orange markings. The final instar retains the spines, but has a lighter color. The first few instars live in a silken web on a leaf of the host plant. Vanessa cardui is an irruptive migrant, a species that occasionally migrates without regard to geography or season. The painted lady lives year-round in the tropics; in cooler climates, you may see them in spring and summer. Some years, when southern populations reach large numbers or weather conditions are right, painted ladies will migrate north and expand their range temporarily. These migrations sometimes occur in phenomenal numbers, filling the skies with butterflies. The adults that reach the colder areas will not survive the winter, however. Painted ladies rarely migrate south. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - LepidopteraFamily - NymphalidaeGenus - VanessaSpecies - Vanessa cardui Diet The adult painted lady nectars on many plants, especially the composite flowers of the Asteraceae plant family. Favored nectar sources include thistle, aster, cosmos, blazing star, ironweed, and joe-pye weed. Painted lady caterpillars feed on a variety of host plants, particularly thistle, mallow, and hollyhock. Life Cycle Painted lady butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Egg - Mint green, barrel-shaped eggs are laid singly on the leaves of host plants, and hatch in 3-5 days.Larva - The caterpillar has five instars over 12-18 days.Pupa - The chrysalis stage lasts about 10 days.Adult - Butterflies live for just two weeks. Special Adaptations and Defenses The painted ladys mottled colors look much like military camouflage and provide effective cover from potential predators. The small caterpillars hide in their silk nests. Habitat The painted lady lives in open meadows and fields, disturbed areas and roadsides, and generally any sunny place that provides appropriate nectar and host plants. Range Vanessa cardui lives on all continents except Australia and Antarctica and is the most widely distributed butterfly in the world. The painted lady is sometimes called the cosmopolite or cosmopolitan because of this wide distribution.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas Free Essays

string(45) " 5 years later this still is a lasting view\." In Britain in the 21st century, community workers are often linked with economic regeneration and consultation, empowerment and capacity building. This is in total contrast with the 1970’s when community work was very closely associated with social work. (Twelvetrees, 2003. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Twelvetrees suggests that at its simplest community work is the ‘process of assisting people to improve their communities by undertaking collective action.’ (Twelvetrees, 2003.) Community work though is not just carried out by community workers, community leaders, support workers and many others may choose to call themselves community workers. The majority of community work is carried out by paid workers and they undertake a wide range of functions. Community workers are classically seen as a guide or catalyst, enabler or maybe a facilitator. Community workers ‘go’ to the place of the group and can advise its members on how they can do what they want to do. They can also cover roles such as secretary or chair, broker or advocate, but most important being clear about the fact that they must be clear about the role which they are playing at a certain particular time. Twelvetrees, (2003) suggests that community workers should be a ‘Jack of all trades’ who can take on different roles and approaches and are willing to bring them into play in different situations. Community work therefore has a wide skill base with a great emphasis placed on the ability to make judgements and build relationships with others. Community workers must be able to adapt to each new situation and be able to listen, understand and act in an appropriate way to the situation that they are involved with. Butcher, (in Butcher et al, 1993) suggests that on the most basic principles community stands for the idea that community is a network of people who share a common interest. For many, community is where they can both have a sociological and psychological link to others. Sociologically they can ‘be part’ of the community and can ‘identify with’ it psychologically. These two factors greatly strengthens the idea that community workers work with groups of people who have a common interest and reason for being together. Summarising the above Community work can therefore be best described as both a set of values and as a set of techniques, skills and approaches which are linked to these values. Twelvetrees (2003) suggests that these values are to do with justices, democracy, love and empowering, and ‘getting a better deal’ for those who are in some way disadvantaged. Primarily community workers must be able to establish relationships with others see the world through the community’s eyes and find ways to assist them to help themselves. The theory behind most community work is basically about helping people to get a better deal, primarily by making this happen themselves, by being a facilitator and empowering the community groups in which one is working. Derrricourt and Dale, (in Jacobs et al, 1994) suggests that no one can work in community work long before realising that even ‘the simplest thing is difficult’. Community work it’s self is a task of working with groups of people who may have different ideas but empowering them to come to a mutual agreement and find common ground in order to make the ‘project’ work. In any real life situation within community and youth work there will be pressures and constraints on a worker to operate in some ways rather than others. Whatever the ideology, the worker must select actions which seem most likely to help the members of the particular community to get a better deal for themselves and become more confident and skilled. Twelvetrees (2003) suggests that while the values of community workers will quite legitimately influence their priorities, they also have to be pragmatic about choosing which approach is likely to work best. One of the major sources of tension within community work is that some workers can sometimes go into a new project with the agenda already clear in their head, with no room for changing it. By having this approach community workers produce a great deal of tension simply because they are meant to be helping the community it’s self get a better deal through empowerment but by coming in with a fixed agenda it suggests that they have it all worked out. This leaves no room for any sort of consultation or community group meetings and can take away nearly all the interest by the residents. By not using community consultation the residents can very easily loose interest and involvement in a project if they are suspicious of the fact that it is not what they want to see happening. Community workers must be careful to go into a project with an open agenda and the ability to mould the agenda to what the residents want or face tension and the possibility of the lack of support of the community that they are working in. This happened in my local community. A substantial grant was won to improve the town. The council decided to create a community centre that would house a cyber-cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and open access hall for a variety of activities. It seemed like a good idea to the council yet the local community just wanted the money to be spent on tidying up the council estate, a new set of playground equipment and a new layer of paint in the church hall that the community had always used. Unfortunately the community worker and the council did not listen to what the residents wanted, and 5 years down the line the community centre is un-used except by a mothers and toddler group, with the rest of the community groups preferring to use their old hall. This project has tarred the council with a stereotype that they do not listen anyway so the local community has lost any belief in the fact that they are in it for their interests, even 5 years later this still is a lasting view. You read "The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas" in category "Papers" Community work often involves inter-agency working. Inter-agency work brings together a range of individuals, organisations and interest groups. By working with these agencies it can bring about tensions between the different managers, and can bring about competition and misunderstandings. Working with different agencies can seem like a good idea but there are many issues that can be raised and these can have a big effect on the overall ‘community; formed by the worker. Because each agency comes with its own agenda then their will be differences in the organisational systems. Banks et al (2003) states that different agencies have different systems for allocating work and recording and sharing information, this can cause many internal issues surrounding the smooth running of the project. When trying to work as a community worker to bring about change these issues must be carefully addressed. The tension will always be there because of the different agencies involved with their own interests but the role of the community worker here is to make sure that the project does not suffer and that the issues are dealt with in a open arena. Take for example a youth action project may include the police, youth workers and nurses. All these come with different agendas, youth workers looking at informal education and welfare, nurses on health and police officers on law enforcement and crime prevention. (Banks et all 2003) All of these different agenda have to be carefully managed in order for the project to be successful. Each agency must understand the importance of the project as a whole and be able to communicate any issues that it has with the other agencies. This is where the community worker can get stuck in the middle, between the different agencies and stuck in with inter-agency politics instead of being out in the community. Dilemmas also form part of the daily planning for community workers. Take for example the planning of a new project, does the worker go for a big and high profile project that will involve the whole community but may not be very effective due to the fact that it may never reach its goals. Or does the worker settle for the small project that will enable him/her to achieve the desired outcome and be able to address a certain issue that the community has raises like youth ‘hanging about on the streets’. This causes the community worker to face the fact that he either has to work with all the community, which he is likely to get more funding and support for, or just to focus on an achievable project like talking the youth ‘boredom’ that is happening. Dilemmas surrounding confidentiality is always a difficult to decide the ‘right’ course of action. Although community workers are not seen as a counselling service, many see workers as a trusted person in the community to talk to. In this situation confidentiality becomes important, but also the rules of breaking confidentiality have to be addressed as well. Confidentiality has its limitations to be enforced and this can cause the dilemma to the worker as to what is ethically right. Should the worker pass the information on or keep the confidentiality that he promised. (Roche, 2004) This issue was brought up when I was working as a youth worker in the local youth club setting. A young woman approached me saying that she needed to talk. Due to the fact that I had time to spare and she seemed distressed I let her talk and told her everything that she said would be confidential. She then told me that she was getting beaten up at home but did not want to it get out as she did to want her and her siblings to be spilt up. I spent a whole supervisory session talking to my supervisor about confidentiality. In the end I had to break it as a way of helping that young person to escape the endless circle but it was not a light hearted decision. My trust had been broken and since then the young girl has not come back to the youth club, but I know that she is now safe and living with a foster family and her siblings. One dilemma that community workers often face is the fact of accountability and who are they actually accountable to. Many workers would suggest that they are accountable to the community groups as they are working for what they need but others may suggest that they are accountable to the state and their employer. Community workers are employed by a wide range of bodies, including local authorities, primary care trusts, regeneration partnerships, charities, housing committees, the list is endless. All of these bodies have their own organisational and departmental aims for the community worker’s role, and the worker is accountable to in a legal/employment sense to their employer. (Henderson and Thomas, 1992) In any community work there is the potential for a complex layering system of accountability, as managers may be employed by some agency to mange work funded by their agency. (Banks, 2003) this is where community workers can find them selves pulled in different directions and must always be careful about what they do. In some cases they may have to balance contradictory and compelling demands and attempt to make sense and achieve them in order to carry out the desired aim. This may be where they community project has been given a set of money from the Church of England for a youth project, this project has then started to deal with people from all religions coming to the project. In order to retain the centres success the worker does not want to ban the youth from the centre due to the fact that they are benefiting from it. Yet the worker is going against the aims of the funding application. In this case the worker has to be accountable to both the Church of England and the youth who are attending the project. In order to attempt to solve this situation then the worker must talk to the Church and attempt to re-structure the funding application so that it can be used across the project and not just on the youth of the Church. (Adapted from Brierley, 2002.) Bryants, (1982, cited in Jacobs et al) suggests that a community worker acts as a catalyst and has nine skills: 1. relational 2. communication 3. organisational 4. mediating 5. bargaining 6. entrepreneur 7. researcher 8. political 9. tactical. In order to be all these then at some point there will always be conflicting ideas and dilemmas to be addressed. One can not attempt to fill all theses roles of a community worker and still be able to work on a level ground with others. Although all of these are very important the fact that a community worker can relate to others within the community is essential and the skill of being able to accept differences and be able to address these is a skill which is learnt and will always be important in our world of work. There will always be tensions and dilemmas to address but these must not get us down. We must learn to take everything in our stride and learn from our mistakes, being able to see where we went wrong and be able to apply these lessons learnt to our future practise. Our strategy must be based on a clear awareness of what we as workers are aiming to achieve by our intervention and use negotiation and communication to overcome any difficulties that we encounter. How to cite The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

Strategy of Samsung Electronics-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: A brief description of the Organisation, Justification for why you have selected it and why it is perceived as being excellent in its field. Answer: Samsung Samsung was consolidated in 1938 as a South Korean global organization. The company is the largest manufacturer of mobile phones and smart cells. In July 2017, the market value of the Samsung electronics rises by the US $316 billion after overtaking Intel group. The company is a major manufacturer of electronic components such as lithium-ion batteries, chips, and flash memory. The purpose behind choosing Samsung electronics is that the organization is world's second largest information technology company after Apple. Samsung electronics has operations internationally and domestically. Strategy of Samsung electronics The company strategy that focuses on manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. The company is a leader in major innovations in the electronics which provide a wide array of ground breaking products. In total company consist of 6 design labs that focus on continuous technological advancements (Lawaspect, 2017). This makes their product popular in the market. Technology advancement need amount to be spend. Company spends more than 6 billion dollars annually on product research. The strategy of the company is to deliver high-quality product along with the innovative design and patterns. The company always try to bring innovation in the product they are providing to the customer. This helps in attracting the customer and enhancing the customer experience (Michell, 2010). Business model of Samsung Samsung electronics has functioning in the segments of consumer electronics under different verticals. The products of the company are directly catered to the business houses or to individual customers. Samsung follows different channels of distribution such as direct retailers, retail outlets, distributors, telecom companies, etc. this makes the product available to the customers easily (Song, and Lee, 2014). The company follows strategy for sponsoring a range of international sports events such as London 2012 Olympics. This enhances the brand image and reputation of the company. The strategy of providing innovative products having different design will enhance the customer satisfaction. This also makes the customers believe that company provides differentiated and quality products to wide range customers. Promotion strategy for any company plays a vital role in the operations of the company. The company can communicate attractive deals and plans to the customers by doing promotion in the market (Researchomatic, 2013). CAGE framework of Samsung Samsung electronics have operations at different geographic places. The company consists of different cultural values from its rivals Apple, HTC. The company believes in reducing the economic distance. Products of Samsung are available and affordable for all income group peoples. The company evaluates and analysis the strategies before implementing. Samsung launched low-cost smartphones (J and on series) in India after understanding the Indian market. The consumer demand throws light towards the low-cost smartphones. This approach helps the company in enhancing the goodwill and market share (Chang, 2011). Microsoft is an American multinational technology company who is having headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft Australia is the Microsoft organization backup arranged in Australia. The organization was established in the year 1985. This organization is driving the organization in programming, gadgets, administration, and arrangements. As of now, the organization comprises of 7 territorial workplaces the nation over. The purpose behind choosing Microsoft is the company is listed in top 5 companies. The company is popular in the market and having a good competitive advantage. It is considered as one of the largest technology firms that create a good competition against the rivals. Strategy of Microsoft Microsoft productivity and business process section include permitting and subscription income for office. It uses advanced technology which helps in enhancing the customer satisfaction. Intelligent cloud is one of the competitive advantages of Microsoft. The company makes a strategy to achieve USD 20 billion in commercial cloud annualized revenue run rate in the year 2018. The company performs merger and acquisitions that help a company in enhancing the capabilities, product range, and value offering. In the year 2014, a company acquires Nokia Corporation's devices and services business for USD 9.4 billion. In the fiscal year 2016, Microsoft completed 17 acquisitions for which company paid in cash. The cash amount paid by the company was USD 1.4 billion (Dudovskiy, 2017). Business model of Microsoft Creating a strong developer community is an essential element of Microsoft business model. The company business model focuses on enhancing the development of innovative products and customer satisfaction. The company creates a platform-based-ecosystem that provides benefit from cross-side and same-side network effects between users and the application developers. This helps the company to understand the demand of the customers. The network helps a company in accelerating the growth and success. Microsoft creates profit from individual customers by providing office services. The business model of the company also focuses on the adoption of new technologies which help the company to develop the software. The company is the largest developer of a wide range of software products. The share value and brand value of the company are driven by flexible pricing, familiarity with legacy products and better support. Microsoft creates profit through Windows Phone licensing, Windows Embedded and Patent Licensing. The business model of the Microsoft also includes the money flow-in from the different sectors of different products. These all are basic elements that are considered in the business model (Worstall, 2012). CAGE framework of Microsoft CAGE framework (includes different types of cultural, administrative, geographic and economic factors) did not create any impact on a business model of Microsoft. Microsoft business is expanded in the world. This is the reason Microsoft has nearly 90% share in the desktop operating system market. The company is having a strong position in the market and user familiarity with OS. OS mostly comes with new computer and laptops. That makes the people aware of the services, Microsoft provides to its customers (Hasan, Ibrahim, and Uddin, 2015). Even there are some of the softwares which run only if the PC contains micrsoft.NET Framework. Culture values of the company are clearly visible through the team bonding. Sustaining in the competitive market is possible due to the team work. Microsoft is also known for the best place to work. There is no impact of the CAGE framework on company's working. References Chang, S.J., 2011. Sony vs Samsung: The Inside Story of the Electronics Giants' Battle For Global Supremacy, John Wiley Sons. Dudovskiy, J., 2017, Microsoft Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, viewed on 24th August 2017, https://research-methodology.net/microsoft-business-strategy-and-competitive-advantage/ Hasan, M., Ibrahim, Y. and Uddin, M.M., 2015. Institutional distance on cross-border mergers and acquisition performance: a hypothetical framework. In Proceedings of the Asia Pacific conference on business and social sciences, Kuala Lumpur. Lawaspect, 2017, Samsung's Corporate Strategy and Competitive Advantage, viewed on 24th August 2017, https://lawaspect.com/samsungs-corporate-strategy-competitive-advantage/ Michell, T., 2010. Samsung Electronics: And the Struggle For Leadership of the Electronics Industry, John Wiley Sons. Researchomatic, 2013, Samsung's Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Retrieved on 24th August 2017, from https://www.researchomatic.com/samsungs-sustainable-competitive-advantage-160561.html Song, C.Y. and Lee, K., 2014. The Samsung way: Transformational management strategies from the world leader in innovation and design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Worstall, T., 2012, Is Microsoft Moving To The Apple Business Model?, viewed on 24th August 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/10/28/is-microsoft-moving-to-the-apple-business-model/#6aec3b2d174

Sunday, March 29, 2020

Essay Examples on Warhol Essay Example

Essay Examples on Warhol Paper 1st Essay Sample on Warhol This is an image from Andy Warhol.When this was displayed in 1962, it was in a nearby gallery with a sign that said, Get the real thing for 29 cents.Not to forget the humor, the underlining thing is that Warhols work threatened the concept of art as serious and transcendent: artist intentions devoid of satire seemed as cheerfully vacuous as his subject matter.With this one project, Andy changed art in a new way.Although it could be thought of as vapid, I think it was a smart move on the artist, because he was, as many great artists do, taking down the structure of art and making people think about what art is again.Pop arts celebration of the banal and its unapologetic dismissal of higher aims soon lost their original shock value, yet Andy, its best known person, remained on top throughout his lifetime. Born in Pennsylvania in 1930 with the name Andrew Warhola, he graduated college from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949.He then moved to New York City where he became invol ved in commercial art and won several prizes.His development in fine art began with wry, delicate drawings and culminated in the hard-hitting graphic style that became a huge success.He had a solo show in New Yorks Stable Gallery in 1962 and it brought him instant fame. In his studio he mass-produced many of the peaces that we see today.The pop artist not only depicted mass products but he also wanted to mass-produce his own works of pop art. Consequently he founded The Factory in 1962. It was an art studio where he employed in a rather chaotic way â€Å"art workers† to mass produce mainly prints and posters but also other items like shoes designed by the artist. Thefirst location of the Factory was in 231 E. 47th Street, 5th Floor (between 1st 2nd Ave).Warhol’s favorite printmaking technique was silkscreen. It came closest to his idea of proliferation of art. 2nd Essay Sample on Warhol Andy Warhol, the American painter, printmaker, illustrator, and filmmaker was born in Pittsburgh in 1928.Andy Warhol graduated in 1949 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design, with hopes of becoming an art teacher in the public schools. While in Pittsburgh, he worked for a department store arranging window displays, and often was asked to simply look for ideas in fashion magazines.While recognizing the job as a waste of time, he recalls later that the fashion magazines gave me a sense of style and other career opportunities.Upon graduating, Warhol moved to New York City in 1949 to pursue a career as a commercial artist and illustrator for magazines and newspapers.Although extremely shy and clad in old jeans and sneakers, Warhol attempted to intermingle with anyone at all who might be able to assist him in the art world.His portfolio secure in a brown bag, Warhol introduced himself and showed his work to anyone that could help him out.Eventually, he go! t a job with Glamour magazine in September of that year.He soon became one of the most successful illustrators of his time and won numerous awards for his work from the Art Directors Club and the American Institute of Graphic Arts.Much of Warhols commercial work was based on photographs and other types of source images, a process he would continue to rely on for the rest of his life. In 1956 Warhol traveled around the world for several weeks, visiting many countries in Asia and Europe.In the late 1950s he began to devote more energy to painting.He made hisfirst Pop paintings, such as the Campbells Soup Can, and Green Coca-Cola Bottles, in the early 1960s.These created a sensation in the art world and launched Warhol as a celebrity. Warhol had a life-long fascination with Hollywood stars.In 1962 he began a large series of celebrity portraits, including Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, and Elizabeth Taylor. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Warhol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Warhol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Warhol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Saturday, March 7, 2020

The Diversity of the Leisure Industry Essays

The Diversity of the Leisure Industry Essays The Diversity of the Leisure Industry Essay The Diversity of the Leisure Industry Essay This table shows the North of England participate in more reading, singing (13% compared to 10% in E England), dancing (11% compared to 10% in E England) and painting (12% compared to 9% in E England) than the East of England. This shows that the North of England has more creative tendencies. The only activity that is the same for both regions is watching TV at 99%  The East of England has many historical activities to participate in, such as abbeys, monasteries, castles, cathedrals, museums, historic houses, gardens and manors, whereas the North of England has more sport-based activities such as golf-clubs, stadiums, climbing centres, and surf schools. North England also holds the Great North Run. The East of England also holds sporting activities, although these differ from North England sporting activities, for example, horse riding and adventure parks. There is a difference between parts of Britain and their participation in active leisure. 62% of people who live in Scotland participate in active leisure 58% of people who live in England participate in active leisure and 57% of people who live in Wales participate in active leisure.  In the UK, the top five most popular active leisure activities are walking (with over 40% of the population participating), swimming (with over 30% of the population participating), keep-fit/yoga (with over 20% of the population participating), cycling (with over 20% of the population participating) and cue games (with over 18% of the population participating) The top 3 most popular passive activities in the UK are watching TV (with over 99% of the population participating), listening to the radio (with over 88% of the population participating) and reading books (with over 62% of the population participating).  Summary  The UK and Russia have very different climates and cultures, so therefore their leisure activities are also very different. Russia is a keen sporting country, successful in sports such as boxing and ice-skating, a sport which could rarely be done in the UK due to its climate. The UKs most popular sport is football, but also participates in rugby, cricket, tennis and golf. Russian residents also enjoy watching the theatre, whereas the UK has been more influential in the cinema.  Russia holds many celebratory events such as Music Spring, an international music festival, White Nights, where the last 10 days of June are celebrated with merriness and staying up late. A film festival is also held in odd-numbered years. A popular event is the Russian Winter Festival, celebrated in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Novgorod, from late December to early January. In the UK, the events are Guy Fawkes Night, Christmas, New Years, Halloween, St. Georges Day, St. Davids Day and various music festivals, such as Glastonbury.

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Illusions and disillusionment in A Passage to India Essay

Illusions and disillusionment in A Passage to India - Essay Example E.M. Forster in his A passage to India creates a world which is full of illusions. The characters cherish certain illusions in their life around which all their hopes lie. These illusions involve different social and religious myths. In this hostile universe faith is an illusion which is unsuccessful to solve the problems faced by modern man. Crews relates that in Forster’s novel â€Å" Romantic love, God’s love , and friendship are exposed as futile. Adela Quested cannot love. Mrs. Moore’s Clapham-style Christianity fails her. Aziz’ belief in friendship shatters† ( qtd in Koponen 39). Hence, the writer has knitted his story around the theme of disillusionment from the cherished beliefs and dreams. Loss of faith The novel’s pervasive theme seems to be loss of faith. Mrs. Moore’s disillusionment with her faith after the cave’s incident shows that the characters have been brought from the world of illusions to the world of disillu sionment where all faiths are exposed as hollow. The ambit of disillusionment encompass all religions including Christianity and Islam. The writer though has portrayed Hinduism with a bit of superiority, yet that faith has also left its disciples in a situation of skepticism .Mitra finds out the causes of writer’s obsession with the theme of â€Å" loss of faith† and traces its origin in the post world scenario which made the poets like T.S.Eliot show a disillusioned world sans religion and other human values. Forster according to Mitra, â€Å" was sensitive to the decline of spiritual values , the hatred that had crept into the people of different cultures and creed, the overall loss of faith† (66). Mrs. Moore experiences disillusionment after the incidence of Marabar caves where she realizes that echoes are not some Delphic response rather they are the offspring of â€Å" human consciousness† and they only respond when human mind/conscious projects† them. She gains the ultimate realization â€Å"that life never give us what we want at the moment we consider appropriate† (Forster 9). Similar instance of this realization occurs â€Å"when what the cosmic forces reflected was only the echo of what Aziz and Fielding projected† (Murtaza and Ali 267). The geographical setting also enhances the thematic content of the novel. On their way to caves the travelers experience â€Å" a spiritual silence which invaded more senses than the ear. Life went on as usual, but had no consequences, that is to say, sounds did not echo or thoughts develop. Everything seemed cut off at its root, and therefore infected with illusion† (Forster 60). Loss of faith is limited to the domain of religion. It is also experienced in social domains as well. Friendship Aziz’s concept of friendship amounts to a mythic belief in the holiness and strength of this bond and its power in bringing people close together. Aziz alludes to Frie nd â€Å"as a Persian expression of God†. Both Aziz and Mrs. Moore declare each other their friend. Though this friendship between and Indian and a British isolated Aziz from his own community. But even this friendship is â€Å"undermined by betrayal, often due to the disdain of the members of British Raj for Indians† (Koponen 41). The disillusionment comes when Aziz finds the hollowness of his illusions. The friend whose companionship Aziz boasted of did not bear â€Å" witness in his favor, nor visited him in prison† ( Koponen 41). The rulers and the rules could never be attached in the bond of friendship and the result is Aziz’ final cynicism in the fidelity of his friends for whose sake he has to suffer the ordeals of social stigma and jail. The initial illusory belief in friendship is now tinged with rationality

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Project Management - Essay Example There must be a staunch and dedicated leader, behind the excellence of any initiated project within the society. All the benefits behind the projects emanates from good leadership. I would want to be a team leader in the community development funds board to help in the coordination and initiation of community based development projects. The project management can help in the achieving my goals. It will enable me to schedule my entire project plan and tackle them chronologically to achieve the predefined goals. The project management would equip me with required management skills for the success of a project in progress. As project leader, I would ensure that all the key plans for success are in control. For example, clarification of the objectives, before the start of the project, it must be subject to review by the team leaders. Development of the plan would help in managing the project in phases, making it easy to accomplish a bigger task in smaller bits (Carroll 10). The risk management plans enable the planning and implementation of precautionary measures that can inhibit the smooth evolution of the proposed project. I would engage in management and motivation of team members to ensure team cohesion in achieving the goals. Effective leadership demands four types of intelligence including intellectual, physical, emotional, and spiritual intelligence to institutionalize moral

Monday, January 27, 2020

The effect of transformational leadership style on organizational Innovation

The effect of transformational leadership style on organizational Innovation 1. Introduction This study endeavors to develop comprehension of how transformational leadership style of top management affects innovation at the organizational level. The topic is of paramount importance because of the ever increasing pressures of modernization and innovation on todays global economy. It has become indispensable to practice a leadership style that makes firms innovative and adaptive to change. Firms are shifting their focus from knowledge economy to creative economy, where corporations will compete on the basis of imagination, innovation and creativity (Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009) Boston Consulting Group Inc surveyed over 900 senior executives and identified innovation as the key driver of top-line revenue. Analysis of firms transforming due to innovation provides evidence for this statement. For example, the highly successful iPod of Apple Inc.s, that earned devastating revenues for the company; the role of Blackberrys success in the transformation and emergence of Research in Motion; process innovation at Southwest Airlines Co. that transformed it as an economical and triumphant airline; and Procter Gamble Co. outperforming its competitors by focusing on design innovation. Innovation aims at bringing about change in the status quo. It can be defined as discovering (creative thinking ideas) and commercializing those discoveries (implementing the creative ideas). Creativity new idea generation alone are insufficient for innovation; implementation is also a cornerstone of the innovation process. (Oke, Munshi, Walumbwa, 2009) Plentiful studies have led to the identification of factors that can stimulate innovation at the organizational level. In broad terms, innovation is the adoption or execution of unaccustomed and convenient ideas by individuals in organizations (Amabile Conti 1999) p.360). Factors that are known to have an influence on innovation include leadership (Mumford Gustafson, 1998; Amabile, 1998), a work environment that is conducive for innovation (Amabile, 1998; Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009), CEO salary (Markman, Balkin and Gomez-Mejia, 2000), organizational culture and climate (Mumford Gustafson, 1998; Jung, Wu Chow, 2008; Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009), environmental attributes (Jung, Wu Chow, 2008), learning capability and intra-organizational networks (Tsai, 2001) and job complexity type of supervision (Oldham Cummings, 1996). Among these abundant factors, the leadership behavior of managers has been spotted as one of the most important of all (Amabile, 1998; Jung, 2001; Mumford, Sc ott, Gaddis Strange, 2002). Leadership was merely a concept before the 19th century and it was in the start of the 19th century that it emerged as a word in English language (Davis Cushing). Over the years, leaders and leadership have been distinctly defined by various scholars. Leadership is a process whereby a leader changes the course of action of another group, due to the interaction of his personality characteristics and those of the group (Bogardus, 1934). Leadership is the direction of human collaborators for the accomplishment of a goal. A leader successfully guides his human assistants for the achievement of particular ends. (Prentice, W.C.H. 1961). Leadership is a goal directed endeavor with the aim to influence the activities of followers through communication process. (Donelly, J.H. Ivancevich, J. M. Gibson, J.L. 1985 Leadership is the situational effort towards goal achievement by the process of influencing the individual or group activities. (Hersey, P. Blanchard, K, 1988). Leadership is the f ormulation of a transparent and complete system of expectations for the purpose of identification, arousal and utilization of strengths of all the resources of an organization, the most important of which is human resource (Batten, J.D. 1989). Leadership is the art of influencing individuals to yield their best output/ performance for the accomplishment of a goal, project or objective. (Cohen, W.A. 1990). Leaders are the people who obtain commitment from a working group of individuals and then motivate them to accomplish the outcomes of a pre-planned direction. (Conger, J.A.1992). Leadership is a process in which a leader sets the goal for an individual or group of individuals and takes all of them together with him or her with proficiency and devotion (Jacques E. Clement, S.D. 1994). Leadership is an unrealizable trait that cannot be distinctly defined. This in fact is a good phenomenon, because if the followers were aware of the definition of leadership, they would probably overr un their leaders. (Scott Adams, 1996). Effective leadership is about enabling ordinary people to deliver extraordinary results in the face of challenge and change and to constantly turn in superior performance to the long-term benefit of all concerned (Charlton, 1993). The more recent definitions conceive leadership in terms of influence relationships, power differentials, persuasion, influence on goal achievement, reinforcement, role differentiation, initiation of structure, and perceived attributions of behavior that are consistent with what the perceivers spotted leadership to be. Recently, many management scholars and gurus have identified adaptive leadership as the key enabler to cope with the ever increasing challenges of the corporate world. (Bass, Avolio, Jung Berson, 2003). So the adaptive leadership behaviors that have proved to be more effective than other leadership styles in organizational innovation have been labeled as transformational. (Lowe, Kroek, Sivasubramaniam, 1996; Gardner Avolio, 1998; Howell Avolio, 1993). Transformational leadership capabilities continue to be the hallmark of innovative firms. Successful leaders like J.R. Immelt, CEO of General Electric; A.G.Lafley, CEO of P&G; Ratan Tata, chairman of Tata Motors Tata Group and Steve Jobs of Apple are the prominent figures who have fostered innovation by their adaptive behaviors. Transformational leadership holds four theoretically discrete dimensions: charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Idealized influence reflects the degree to which followers admire and hold their leaders as role models. Leaders exhibiting idealized influence are ethical, consistent, share risks with followers and prefer the needs of their followers above their own needs. Inspirational motivation points to the degree motivation of followers by delineating new opportunities, providing meaning and challenge to followers work and articulating a strong, realistic and shared vision of the future. Intellectual stimulation refers to the ability of a leader to question the assumptions and thinking of followers, reframe problems, stimulate intellectual curiosity, approaching problems in new ways, soliciting creativity and innovation from followers through novel approaches and avoiding open criticism for individual errors. Finally, leaders who provide individualized consideration pay attention to individual needs for growth, development, support and achievement. They act as coaches or mentors and establish a favorable environment for innovation; where values are diversified and learning opportunities are created (Bass Avolio, 1993) (Some versions of Bass Full-Range Leadership Theory identify 5 components of transformational leadership by breaking down idealized influence/ charisma into idealized influence or attributed charisma. For the sake of simplifying this research, idealized influence and charisma have been grouped together in this study). 2. Research Design 2.1 Main Objectives The aim of this study is to probe the following objectives: To discuss the philosophy, attributes and elements of transformational leadership and innovation To spot the existence of transformational leadership style at Telenor Pakistan To the asses the level of organizational innovation Telenor Pakistan To identify the effect transformational leadership style on organizational innovation 2.2 Hypotheses to be tested The objective of this study is to spot the presence of attributes of transformational leadership i.e. idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation, estimate the level of organizational innovation and examine the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. The working hypothesis within this context will be as under: H0: Transformational leadership has no effect on organizational innovation. H1: Transformational leadership has strong effect on organizational innovation. 2.3 Scope of the study The range of application of this study is limited to the telecommunication sector in Pakistan with specific focus on Telenor (Peshawar). Transformational leadership style will be judged on the basis of four dimensions, that is, charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Furthermore, the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation will be analyzed. 3. Review of Literature (Burns, 1978) stated that transformational leaders stand above the common place. They indulge in a mutual interaction with their followers that raises the understanding, goals and mission that results in the ultimate arousal and transformation of both the leader and the followers. (Bass, 1985) At the other end to transformational leadership lies transactional leadership; where the leaders try to maintain the status quo. Followers are motivated on the base of extrinsic rewards, such as promotion and monetary benefits. It is an everyday terrestrial transaction of value, where leaders only provide needed value to individuals in exchange for their services. (Jane. M. Howell, Christopher A. Higgins, 1990) The most successful leaders are gifted with qualities of transformational leadership and charisma. They are far more influential and innovative than the leaders having style other than transformational. (David A. Waldman, Bernard M. Bass, 1991) linked the themes of nurturant and persistent leadership with transformational leadership theory. Furthermore, the role of transformational leadership behavior in various stages of successful innovations was clarified and implications were presented regarding the proposed model. (Dougherty Hardy, 1996) Transformational leaders intellectually stimulate their followers. This fosters unaccustomed and creative thinking and working processes that pave the way for new technology and knowledge, which are necessary for organizational innovation. Amabile, Conti, Coon, Lazenby, and Herron (1996) have spotted the damaging effects of transactional leadership on creativity. Bono Judge (2004) have supported this proposition in their recent meta-analysis. (Sosik, Avolio Kahali, 1997) Transformational leaders easily adapt to exploitative and exploratory thinking processes which in turn yield creative ideas and effective solutions to problems. The effectiveness of transformational leadership at stimulating unconventional and innovative thinking of followers is far greater than that of other leadership styles. (Bass, 1985; Gardner Avolio, 1998) proposed that transformational leaders have the ability to create personal and professional commitment from their followers towards satisfying upper-level needs like self-actualization and self esteem. (Oldham Cummings, 1996; Amabile, 1998; Zhou, 2003) added to this research finding by suggesting that this commitment boosts the inherent motivation of followers, which is considered to be an essential driver of individual creativity and organizational innovation. (House Shamir, 1993; Jung Avolio, 2000; Mumford et.al, 2000) Leaders possessing transformational attributes have the ability to regroup the values and norms of their followers in a better way. They encourage the progress of personal and organizational changes and facilitate their followers to go beyond their initial performance expectations. (A.Oke, 2002) was part of a study carried out on the organizational innovation of AXA insurance, Ireland. It was revealed that due to the transformational leadership style of John. ONeil, the CEO, a non-innovative firm was transmuted into an innovative one. To achieve this level of creativity, the physical spaces were decorated with eye catching colors and employees from all levels and functions were made to work together in order to stimulate creativity. The results of this transformational behavior were soon evident in the form of 150 new business ideas during 6 months. (Shin Zhou 2003) found that positive relation was discovered between transformational leadership and creativity of subordinates on the basis of a study conducted on 290 employees and their supervisors belonging to 46 Korean companies. (Jung, Wu, Chow, 2008) concluded in their research that a positive relation has existence between the transformational leadership of CEO and organizational innovation. This effect is moderated by variables such as organizational structure, culture and external environment. These results are agreed upon after testing multi-sourced data from 50 Taiwanese electronics and telecommunications companies. (Oke, Munshi, Walumbwa, 2009) found that transformational style of leadership strongly enhances creativity and innovation regarding exploratory (creating something of a totally new and radical nature) and exploitative innovation activities (incremental improvements and refinements to something that already exists). These leaders have the ability to transform or change, which makes them the main drivers for innovative processes. (Lale Gumusluoglu, Arzu IIsev, 2009) suggested that transformational leadership style has strong influence on both the individual and organizational innovation. Individually, transformational leadership is positively related to the creativity of employees. Furthermore, transformational leadership and organizational innovation are spotted to have a positive association between them. These results are the outcome of a study conducted on 163 managers and RD personnel from 43 Micro and small sized software development companies from Turkey. (Khan, Rehman and Fatima, 2009) studied managers from telecommunication sector in Pakistan and explored the positive effects of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. (Mariana Makri, Terri A.Scandura, 2010) identified the strong relation of operational leadership (the dimension of leadership which reflects the ability of a CEO to refine the existing paths to growth or tapping new paths by reframing and extending the boundaries of the firm to products and markets) and creative leadership (the ability of a leader to contribute to the social, human and knowledge capital of his firm) with the quantity and resonance of innovation. The hypothesis was tested over a sample of 77 high technology firms. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Sources of data This research will make use of both primary and secondary data. Transformational leadership style will be judged on the basis of primary data obtained through interview and questionnaire. The level of organizational innovation will be assessed by primary data obtained through questionnaire and secondary data gathered from the companys publicly disclosed financial statements. 4.2 Research instruments Questionnaires and structured interviews will serve as instruments of this research. The extent of transformational leadership will be measured using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass and Avolio, 1995) (Annexure-A). MLQ is a well validated measure of transformational leadership and has been used extensively in prior research (Awamleh and Gardner, 1999). Each respondent will be asked to rate five aspects of his/her leaders/ top-managers behavior related to each of the four dimensions of transformational leadership (idealized influence/charisma, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation). The responses will be anchored by a 5-point response scale (1-not at all, 2-once in a while, 3-sometimes, 4-fairly often, 5-frequently, if not always). While measuring organizational innovation, a composite measure will be used to capture the broad aspects of innovative activities (Balkin et als, 2000). Two measures will be used to tap into different aspects of innovation. First is the annual RD expenditure as a percentage of sales revenue over three years prior to this study (i.e.2008-2010). This ratio indicates a firms emphasis on innovation (Hitt, Hoskisson and Kim, 1997; Balkin et al, 2000). These figures will be obtained from the companys publicly disclosed financial statements. Second, different respondents actively following the telecommunication industry will be contacted. The reason is to include different fruits of innovation such as process and service improvements. Each respondent will be offered two sets of questions about the sample firm. The first set includes a single question regarding his/her familiarity with the company. The possible answers will be 1-not familiar with the company at all, 2-somewhat familiar with the company, 3-very familiar with the company. Only the respondents with responses 2 and 3 will be considered. The second set comprises of 20 questions (4 questions each for scanning five types of innovative activities i.e. product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation, strategic innovation and organizational climate innovation) in order to rate the level of organizational innovation (Annexure B). The 5-point Likerts Scale (1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-neither agree nor disagree, 4-agree, 5-strongly agree) will be used to anchor the responses. 4.3 Sampling design (a) Universe / population There are many national and multinational telecommunication companies operating in Pakistan. All these national and multinational firms collectively form the population/ universe of this research. Results will be generalized and recommendations will be forwarded considering all these firms. (b) Sample size and selection This research will adopt a case study approach by focusing on Telenor (Peshawar) as the sample firm. A simple random sample of 30 employees of low, middle and top-management of the company will be selected with the aim of assessing transformational leadership. Furthermore, organizational innovation will be judged by studying a random sample of 30 respondents that are directly or indirectly associated with the telecommunication industry in Pakistan.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Peter Weir’s film “Witness” Essay

Peter Weir’s film, â€Å"Witness† reveals that besides our contemporary world, there are other â€Å"worlds† with their own values that are unique. These worlds conflict with the Western world through their variation in lifestyle. The Amish are a community of people who live peacefully in the midst of a robust, crime – riddled contemporary world. Weir presents a film that fits two genres, one of a crime and the other of romance. Within the first ten minutes of the film these two worlds it captures the differences of these two worlds through the use of cinematic techniques. The Amish world is introduced at the very start of the film where the opening visual fades in, to reveal a long shot showing the landscape. There is no use of artificial lighting but merely the natural sunlight of an early morning. This proposes an idea that the Amish community lives in a plain, simplistic, traditional, and a calm lifestyle. The establishing montage of the silent and peaceful world of the Amish becomes apparent through a wide angle shot that pans across the screen in a panoramic view of gently swaying wheat fields from which emerges a small band of black clad people walk silently following one another. Even in this very early part of the movie, the audience has a glimpse of order and conformity. Their black clothes juxtapose the brilliance of the Wheatfield’s clearly portraying their different world. Pennsylvania 1984 is surprising to the viewer, because they might expect a much earlier date. The idea of two worlds is also symbolized by the division of the scene into top half of the sky and the bottom half of the grass. The crossing of the two worlds is portrayed by the Amish moving through the frame from right to left through the grass. This is an unusual technique because usually most movement is from left to right, thus reinforcing their unusual world. Weir’s purpose in presenting such an orderly scene ironically is to exemplify the dystopia of the fast urban life of crime and corruption. The culture clash between the Amish and the modern technological society becomes evident when Eli takes Rachel and Samuel to the station. The camera zooms into the carriage portraying the occupants to be Eli as the driver and Rachel and Samuel as the passengers. An overhead view gives way to long shots of beautiful country landscape and the horse-driven carriage as it is juxtaposed with the truck. The truck a symbolic representation of the modern world and a vehicle that is known to literally thunder its way like a bully on highways has to follow the carriage which was going at its own pace. This demonstrates that the Amish world behind it is not governed by time and will go the way they want. Through the close-ups of Eli, Rachel and Samuel, the audience sees the ‘glassed-in world’ of the Amish as being reclusive and imprisoned as opposed to the free world of faster vehicles. Weir illustrates this sudden imposition of the American way when at the station while awaiting their train. An undershot of the train is gigantic and intimidating which dwarfs the Amish world. He is mesmerized by it all, ‘tours’ the train station. Accustomed to little angels in their books, Samuel is miniaturized by a gigantic figure of an angel. A high angle shot from behind the statue dwarfs Samuel symbolically highlighting the insignificance of their culture to the American way of life. Even among the Amish these worlds there are others who resemble different from the †¦

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Drug Cartel Violence Along the Mexican Border Essay

In lines thirty-five through forty-five of Ian McEwan’s Black Dogs, June and Bernard stand upon the precipice of a cliff in the French countryside. The particular description in this section, when teamed with June’s observations as they near the cliff, provide a startling comparison to June’s inner turmoil and the changes inherent to the baby she carries within her womb. Like her own future prospects, the path’s trajectory is a â€Å"steep descent† that fills her with anxiety and place June and Bernard’s relationship and imminent future into the context of a fall. Like the â€Å"bright, empty space† of â€Å"baking rock dropping three hundred feet† , their future stretches out before them and represents the unknowable nature of human relationships. However, perhaps more important in relating to June’s anxiety is her own awareness that such a physical descent of the earth could as easily be seen in as the physical and mental transformation she will go through in becoming a parent. The danger she senses is not merely the physical danger of their present but the psychological and emotional danger inherent to their own relationship with one another and their future child. The couple’s relationship in particular is vulnerable to the chasm that opens up before them with the knowledge of this new life and responsibility. Like the earth at the bottom of this open space, they can guess what the future will bring when they return to England but they cannot truly understand the context of what such a journey entails. There is the sense that they will look back upon this moment for a significance that they can only partially understand. On July 16, 2009, James Bone’s article for the London Times reported a series of murders that had just taken place in Mexico. Michoacan, where the killings have taken occurred, is an area of Mexico along the Pacific coast. As the country’s primary source of opium and marijuana, Michoacan hosts a great deal of drug cartel activity and violence– the most recent being when a dozen federal agent bodies were found on a highway in the mountains. These anti-drug agents are among several who have been killed this year in a series of attacks. This killing spree is reported to have been sparked by the arrest of Arnoldo Rueda Medina, a commander of La Familia cartel, which took place in Morelia– Michoacan’s capital. Seven cities came under attack from La Familia shortly after Medina’s arrest, including the tourist sites of Patzcuaro and Zitacuaro. The twelve bodies that were found on the highway– one woman and eleven men– marks the most severe attack thus far. Found with the bodies were death threats from La Familia, saying â€Å"†¦Join its ranks or leave† and â€Å"Let’s see if you try to arrest another one†, alluding to Medina being arrested. La Familia’s killing spree is reported to be a turning point in the long-standing Mexican drug war, as they are now killing federal agents directly. Some believe this proves that the arrest of Medina was a serious setback for the cartel. According to Jorge Chabat, a drug expert, the cartel’s operations have been negatively affected and they are showing signs of weakness rather than strength. Putting an end to this cartel, however, is seemingly an endless task– and due to La Familia having penetrated the legal system and obtaining protection, it is difficult to speculate when this violence is going to end. Link: http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6715478. ece

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Policy Of President Reagan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 461 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Ronald Reagan Essay Did you like this example? In the election of 1976, Reagan went up against Gerald Fold for the Republican Party position. Reagan was able to keep himself in the head of the media between 1976 and 1980 by writing in a newspaper column and giving daily radio addresses, while being able to remain publicly undeclared about his plans for his presidency in 1980 (History.com Staff, 2009). Reagan mainly focused on fixing the current efficiency of the economy during his presidency, in which he stated, In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem (History.com Staff, 2009). President Reagan began to implement policies into government that reduced the federal governments reach into the daily lives and pocketbooks of Americans this included tax cuts to stimulate growth, also known as Reaganomics (Reaganomics, n.d.). Reaganomics advocated for the increase in military spendings, reductions towards specific social programs, and measures taken to deregulate business. Reagan reduced domestic spending by cutting the top marginal tax rate on individual income from 70% to 28%, and the corporate tax rate went from 48% to 34% (Reaganomics, n.d.). His presidency also included eliminating price controls that were placed on oil and natural gases, telephone and cable services to reduce economic regulation (Reaganomics, n.d.). Also, Reagan supported a monetary policy that stabilized the U.S. dollar against foreign policies, in which tax revenues received increased from $909 billion in 1988 from $517 billion in 1980 (Reaganomics, n.d.). Plus, he was able to reduce inflat ion to 4%, and the unemployment rate to under 6% (Reaganomics, n.d.). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Policy Of President Reagan" essay for you Create order Thus, Reagan worked a lot in the legislative branch of government, and worked with Congress in order to create new tax policies. Reagan also took action for women involvement in government by appointing Sandra Day OConnor to be the first woman to be apart of the U.S. Supreme Court (History.com Staff, 2009). When it came to foreign affairs, Reagan worked in the executive branch to create the Reagan Doctrine. The doctrine, taking place during the increased tension of the Cold War, America provided aid to anti-communist movements occurring in Africa, Asia, and South America (History.com Staff, 2009). In 1983, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative to help protect America from attacks by Soviet nuclear missiles by developing space-based weapons (History.com Staff, 2009). On the account of foreign affairs, Reagan also sent 800 U.S. Marines to Lebanon as a part of an international peacekeeping force after Israel invaded the nation in June of 1982 (History.com Staff, 2009). Additionally, Reagan was able to form a relationship diplomatically with Mikhail Gorbachev, who was the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 (History.com Staff, 2009). In November of 1984, Reagan won his reelection by a landslide against Walter Mondale, winning 49 out of the 50 states, the largest number ever won by a presidential candidate in American history (History.com Staff, 2009).